Ships with the Training mission use supplies from the planet they orbit to gain experience.

Experience_added = Trunc(Rate * Points / (Sqrt(Hull_Crew) + 1))
    ...where
       Points = Supplies                    if Supplies ≤ 25
       Points = 25 + Sqrt(8*(Supplies-25))  otherwise

       Rate = Trunc(EPTrainingScale * Academy_bonus / 100)

       Academy_bonus = 100                  for normal ships
       Academy_bonus = EPAcademyScale       for Academy ships

(4.0i) Academy ships receive four times as much experience from training.

See Experience Training for a more detailed explanation of training.