Large meteors kill people and make them unhappy. Meteor showers have no effect on the population.

Colonists_survived =
   Colonists * (Random(91)+10) / 100

Colonist_happiness_change =
   -(Random(31) + 50)

Natives_survived =
   Natives * (Random(100)+1) / 100

Native_happiness_change =
   -(Random(31) + 50)

In simple words, up to 90% of the colonists and up to 99% of the natives die, and they lose 50 to 80 happiness points. The mineral amounts added to the planet's core (not surface!) are configurable (LargeMeteorOreRanges, MeteorShowerOreRanges).