Ground combat happens when a hostile ship drops colonists on a foreign planet, using the ship-to-planet cargo transporters.
During ground combat, attacking colonists and defenders annihilate each other, subject to their attack and defense ratios, until one party remains.
Ground_attack_result = "attacker wins with Trunc(Result/Attacker_rate) clans remaining" ...if Result ≥ 0 "defender wins with Trunc(-Result/Defender_rate) clans remaining" ...if Result < 0 ...with Attacker_rate = GroundKillFactor[Ship_owner] Defender_rate = GroundDefenseFactor[Planet_owner] + Planet_defense / 20 Result = (Attacking_clans * Attacker_rate) - (Defending_clans * Defender_rate)
Note that if the result yields 0 clans remaining (maybe due to rounding), the planet gets unowned.
Imperial Assault: When a successful Imperial Assault is performed, the result is always "attacker wins with Attacking_clans clans remaining", independant of the number of Defending_clans and their attack/defense ratios. Imperial Assault is successful if the preconditions for the Imperial Assault device are fulfilled.